One of the most distinctive features of Harappan cities was the carefully planned drainage system. If you look at the plan of the Lower Town you will notice that roads and streets were laid out along an approximate “grid” pattern, intersecting at right angles. It seems that streets with drains were laid out first and then houses built along them. If domestic waste water had to flow into the street drains, every house needed to have at least one wall along a street. The Lower Town at Mohenjodaro provides examples of residential buildings. Many were centred on a courtyard, with rooms on all sides. The courtyard was probably the centre of activities such as cooking and weaving, particularly during hot and dry weather. What is also interesting is an apparent concern for privacy: there are no windows in the walls along the ground level. Besides, the main entrance does not give a direct view of the interior or the courtyard. Every house had its own bathroom paved with bricks, with drains connected through the wall to the street drains. Some houses have remains of staircases to reach a second storey or the roof. Many houses had wells, often in a room that could be reached from the outside and perhaps used by passers-by. Scholars have estimated that the total number of wells in Mohenjodaro was about 700. It is on the Citadel that we find evidence of structures that were probably used for special public purposes. These include the warehouse – a massive structure of which the lower brick portions remain, while the upper portions, probably of wood, decayed long ago – and the Great Bath. The Great Bath was a large rectangular tank in a courtyard surrounded by a corridor on all four sides. There were two flights of steps on the north and south leading into the tank, which was made watertight by setting bricks on edge and using a mortar of gypsum.
เค เคชเคจा เคนिंเคฆी เค เคจुเคตाเคฆ เคฏเคนाँ เคฒिเคें / Write your Hindi Translation
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has stated that the country's economy remains strong. Economic activity has gained momentum due to improvement in domestic demand, investment and exports. The Monetary Policy Committee has decided to keep the repo rate unchanged. According to the RBI, inflation is being closely monitored, and appropriate measures will be taken whenever necessary. The Bank also stated that the financial system remains adequately strong and the country's foreign exchange reserves continue to remain at a satisfactory level.
Thursday, 23 July 2026
๐ฏ Translation Mock Test 01
⏱️ 10:00
๐ Source Passage (Translate into Hindi / Target Language):
1. Official communication must remain concise, clear, and unambiguous.
2. The administrative department has approved the annual budgetary allocation.
3. Candidates are instructed to submit their original certificates upon request.
4. Compliance with central civil service rules is mandatory for all employees.
5. The committee submitted its final recommendations to the ministry yesterday.
6. Special measures have been implemented to ensure confidentiality in examination.
7. Public grievance redressal mechanisms are being upgraded across all zones.
8. Unauthorized absence from duty without prior sanction may lead to disciplinary action.
9. All official notes should be drafted strictly according to prescribed guidelines.
10. Final approval rests with the competent authority designated by the board.
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